Gestalt Therapy (Extra Credit)

Gestalt Therapy

 

                                             Fritz Perls 1893-1970         Laura Perls 1905-1990

Gestalt Therapy

• Founders- Fritz Perls and Laura Perls (Corey, 2012).
• Key concepts- view of human nature, some principles of Gestalt therapy theory, the now, unfinished business, contact and resistances to contact, and energy and blocks to energy (Corey, 2012).

1. View of human nature- according to Perls he strongly believed that clients needed to be independent and deal with their own life problems themselves (p. 213). His therapy deals with two personal agendas: 1. taking a client from the environmental support to self-support and bring back in the parts of a clients personality that had been forgotten about (p. 213). Perls believed that clients should be able to regulate themselves when they know what is happening in the environment around them.
2. Some principles of Gestalt therapy theory- basic principles include: holism, field theory, figure-formation process, and organismic self-regulation (p. 214). First being holism in which is the idea of unified or being complete. With Gestalt therapy concept being the idea of the whole person the therapist does not usually like to deal with aspect of the individual. Second principle is field theory which is the idea that it is important to see a client in their environment because it is usually in constant change. Third principle is the figure-formation process which how a client may deal with experiences from time to time. Fourth principle organismic self-regulation is a process that deals with a clients equilibrium in which it is disturbed by a need, sensation, or an interest of the client (Corey, 2012).
3. The now- the present moment is an important factor in Gestalt therapy. The past and future is sometimes a clients way of not dealing with the present. The reason that sometimes the past can come up in the present is because often times the clients feel that the past is incomplete. 
4. Unfinished business- this concept deals with having unexpressed feeling usually of the past. This can  sometimes leave unnecessary emotional feelings that may interfere with a clients present feelings. 
5. Contact and Resistances to contact- it is important for change and growth to happen to have contact. Effective contact is when a client is able to interact with nature and other people without losing sense of themselves (p. 217). Resistance which is often a way a client may deal with certain issues or problems but can often times prevent us from experiencing the present the way they should.
6. Energy and blocks to energy- where energy is located in a client is very important especially how it may be used and how it can be blocked. Energy can be expressed through a clients posture, body appearing tight, not deep breathing, and looking away and avoiding contact (p. 218). Sometimes a client is not always aware of their or where it is located.

• Therapeutic goals- in gestalt therapy most often it is not goal oriented. Some major goals in gestalt therapy includes moving forward and increase awareness, taking ownership in their experience instead of making it someone else fault, adapting skills and values that will allow them to satisfy their own needs without violating the rights of someone else, become more aware of all their senses, accept responsibility and consequences for their actions, and be comfortable with asking and receiving help from others (p. 220). Being a independent client is a big goal in gestalt and being able to control ones own self and their own behaviors.
• Techniques- gestalt therapy are considered experiments in which as a therapist you suggest ideas to a client and say see if this works and if so how (p. 224). It is very important with a new client to explain the difference in exercises (techniques) and experiments. Exercise is a ready-made techniques that you may want to use if you are wanting to get to a certain point in a sessions or make a client go somewhere in the session that they may not on their own. Experiments are more of an over time process in which a therapist will suggest something and the client will try and they together will determine if it works or not. 
• Name of theory- Gestalt  therapy theory (Corey, 2012).
• Personal life- Fritz and his wife Laura understood by their own relationship that it was very important to have very close healthy relationships but yet it is also important to be independent as an individual. In the 60s and 70s the Perls say training centers for Gestalt therapy go up all over the world. The son of Laura and Fritz, Stephen said the he could better understand the inability of Gestalt therapy and address intimate feelings with any soul and the reason for focusing more on strong personality (Perls, 2012). Fritz and his wife developed Gestalt therapy and helped others understand it better.
• My most favorite and why- Gestalt is my most favorite theory/therapy because I feel like people are always quick to blame their life problems on someones instead of taking ownership and being more independent. I feel that I am a very independent person and can relate to Gestalt therapy because not everybody has the ability to function as a independent individual. I feel also that it's important to stay in the present and deal with the now. I feel like many people have some type of unfinished business from the past whether it be school related or family/home life related and the empty chair is often the best way to deal with this. In some situations we can't go to or find the person that we may need to deal with some emotions with so the empty can help especially if its someone that is dead or no long around. Gestalt is very interesting and I think can relate to many people should consider this therapy to simple help them gain independence. 

References

Corey, G. (2012). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy (9th edition). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.

Family System Therapy

    

                  Alfred Adler 1870-1937         Murray Bowen 1913-1990   Virginia Satir 1916-1988

    

                 Carl Whitaker 1912-1995    Salvador Minuchin 1921            Chloe Madanes 1941

Family System Therapy

• Introduction- in the early times the approach of choice and that was most common was family therapy. The family systems perspectives is that we are born free and independent individuals of choice and yet most of our entire lives we are attached to family in one form or another (Corey, 2012). It is sometimes best to try to understand a client by their interaction with their family. Specific symptoms of a client are often known as a set of habits within a family (Corey, 2012). Sometimes the best way to  try to help a client is to work with the entire family as a group. Actions of each individual family members can effect all the other family members in the group also. There are two different approaches called the systemic and the individual approach. Individual is more about just the client and their problem and systemic more family based and learning how the family plays a part or influences the problem. 
• Development of family systems therapy- family systems has really grown over the past several years. Alfred Adler was important key founder with him being first psychologist of the modern time to do family therapy (Corey, 2012). With Adlerian family therapy Adler was very quick to notice that family and specifically birth order played an important in many clients. In which is very clear that both children and parents get very use to being negative and it begins to effect both child and parent.  Rudolf Dreikurs came along behind Adler and created a more organized type of family therapy in which Adlerian family therapy begins with forming a respectful relationship as you would do even with a individual client (Corey, 2012). Multigenerational family therapy was the therapy that was developed by Murray Bowen (Corey, 2012). Which deals with the idea and interest of patterns across many generations. Human validation process model was the idea of Virginia Satir in which she emphasized family connection (Cory, 2012). In her therapy process she outlined four communication stances that people tend to use under stress in which they are blaming, placating, super reasonable, and irrelevant (Corey). Experiential family therapy in which was developed by Carl Whitaker. In which he expressed the idea of freedom, choice, self determination, growth, and actualization (Corey, 2012). Structural-strategic family therapy in which was developed by Salvador Minuchin with the idea that an individual symptoms are best understood from the point of patterns with in the family (Corey, 2012). 
• Multilayered process of family therapy- families are considered multilayered in which is affected by larger systems in which they are within (Corey, 2012). Forming a relationship in which begins from the minute of meeting the client. Conducting an assessment usually by starting with a map of the family history. 

Reference 

Corey, G. (2012). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy (9th edition). Belmont, CA:

            Brooks/Cole.

Postmodern Approaches

                                       Steve de Shazer 1940-2005   Insoo Kim Berg 1935-2007

   

                                           Michael White 1949-2008        David Epston 1944-

Postmodern Approaches

• Founders- Insoo Kim Berg, Steve de Shazer, Michael White, and David Epston (Corey, 2012).
• Key concepts- Solution-Focused Brief Therapy- unique focus of SFBT, positive orientation, looking for what is working, and basic assumptions guiding practice, Narrative Therapy- focus of narrative therapy, the role of stories, and listening with an open mind (Corey, 2012).
• Solution-focused brief therapy- 1. unique focus of SFBT- this therapy is different than most other therapies because it avoids dealing with the past more than the present or future. The main idea of this approach is only focus on what is possible not the impossible (Corey, 2012). It is not important to know the cause and has no benefit in helping with finding the solution. 2. positive orientation- this approach deals with the concept that the assumption of people being positive and have the ability to come up with their own solutions to problems. 3. looking for what is working- finding what techniques are working is very important in SFBT. It is important for a therapist to figure out what is working with clients and helping them solve problems in a shorter amount of time. 4. basic assumptions guiding practice- some of the important assumptions to make about SFBT are that individual that come to therapy know how to behave, having advantages on positive outlook on the future, exceptions to every problem, clients usually only show one side of themselves in therapy, no problem is constant, clients want to change and are doing whatever it takes to change, and client should be trusted with their intentions to solve their own problems (Corey, 2012). Some therapist are trying to move away from the idea of therapy and make it feel more like a personal consultation (Corey, 2012). 
• Therapeutic goals- SFBT is about making changes and reaching goals (Corey, 2012). This approach believes that most people have what it takes to solve most of their own problems and reach personal goals with their own means. Solution- focused therapist defiantly start with small, realistic, and achievable goals that are easy for a client to do on their own and teaches them how to think more positive. Changing the view of the problem and making resources more strong and available to clients are important. 
• Techniques- there are eight techniques that can be helpful: pretherapy change, exception questions, the miracle question, scaling question, formula first session task, therapist feedback to clients, terminating, and application to group counseling (Corey, 2021). 1. pretherapy change- simply by calling a therapist can cause the thought of change to come to a clients mind even before the first session and sometimes clients will begin to start thinking of what and how they can change the problems. 2. exception questions- the exception question is the idea of when clients have a problem that was not always a problem in their life. It is important to ask the client direct questions about when the problem or before it existed. 3. the miracle question- this is the technique that a therapist often uses to ask a client that if a a miracle happened and the problem was gone over night and how that would make things different. 4. scaling questions- sometimes a therapist will use scaling questions when a clients emotions are not showing up as you would like as a therapist. 5. formula first session task- this is the idea that a therapist may give a client something to do or research between their first and second session. 6. therapist feedback to clients- during a therapy session a therapist will often take a few minute break to write some notes on a message they want to give as feedback to the client. 7. terminating- from the very first session a therapist goals is to always be working toward getting the client stable enough to make positive good decisions on their own and to deal with problems quicker and more effectively. 8. application to group counseling- solution-focused therapist believes that people can be more effective if they are in a atmosphere that they can communicate with others.
• Narrative therapy- 1. focus of narrative therapy- it is very important for a therapist to listen to clients and take notes of the times when clients had more healthy lifestyles. 2. the role of stories- clients and all people live their lives by stories and from stories and these stories can shape reality as in what we see, feel, and do (Corey, 2012). 3. listening with a open mind- it is always important to listen to clients problems and concerns with an open mind without having any judgement on the client.
• Therapeutic goals- goals in narrative therapy are to get clients to explain their experiences in a new positive language. 
• Techniques- an important technique with narrative therapy is greatly dependent on a therapist's attitude than on the actual technique (Corey, 2012). A narrative therapist is also encouraged to get clients to see their story or problem from a different more positive perspective. 

References 

Corey, G. (2012). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy (9th edition). Belmont, CA

            Brooks/Cole.

Feminist Therapy

              

                             Jean Baker Miller 1928-2006                    Carol Zerbe Enns

             

                                               Oliva M. Espin                        Laura S. Brown
Feminist Therapy

• Founders- Jean Baker Miller, Carol Zerbe Enns, Oliva M. Espin, and Laura S. Brown (Corey, 2012).   
• Key concepts- view of human nature, feminist perspective on personality development, and principles of feminist therapy (Corey, 2012). 

1. View of human nature- feminist is different than most other therapies because it was thought that most therapies came from historical period in which most social arrangements in which were assumed to be rooted in a person's biologically based gender (Corey, 2012). Men have always been perceived to be the norm up until recently and men and women would always choose different things and paths in life. Men and women behave differently in life so therefore their actions and reactions to thing will be very different. Most therapist consider feminist therapy to be gender fair and flexible-multicultural (Corey, 2012). 
2. Feminist perspective on personality development- gender-role expectations greatly influence a person's identity from throughout rest of their life and also influences personality as an adult (Corey, 2012). Gender affects how we see ourselves whether it be boy or girl throughout our entire lives (Corey, 2012). It is still shown throughout many cultures throughout the world that the gender stereotypes of women are still common. Men are still looked at to be the dominant gender in the society we live in even still today but less common than it was few years ago. Personal development for man and women start at birth and go throughout entire life. 
3. Principles of feminist therapy- there are six core principles in feminist therapy: the personal is political, commitment to social change, women's and girl's voices and ways of knowing are valued and their experiences are honored, the counseling relationship is egalitarian, a focus on strengths and a reformulated definition of psychological distress, and all types of oppression are recognized (Corey, 2012). 1. the personal is political- this is the idea that a problem that a person will bring to a therapy session starts with political or society in which that are in. 2. commitment to social change- this is the concept of where a therapist aims to change not only the individual but also for social changes also (Corey, 2012). It is very important when counseling a female client to recognize that they are still stereotyped and that this can play a role in what and how a therapist will approach a female client. 3. women's and girl's voices and ways of knowing are valued and their experiences- this concept says that a female's perspective is considered central in understanding their distress (Corey, 2012). It also explains that in all situations in life men and women are forced to go separate ways in almost all aspects of human experiences in society. 4. the counseling relationship in egalitarian- attention is power in feminist therapy (Corey, 2012). An egalitarian relationship which is the concept as a therapist to remember that the client are more of an expert on their own lives so a therapist to recognize the power imbalance. 5. a focus on strengths and a reformulated definition of psychological distress- this concept says that psychological distress is nit a disease but a communication about unjust system (Corey, 2012). Feminist therapist most often talk about problems with the attitude of dealing with them rather than them being a pathology. 6. all types of oppression are recognized- clients are often understood better with having a knowledge of their social environment and what it is like. It is thought that both a person's political and social environment has a negative effect on a client. 

• Therapeutic goals- Some of the main goals in feminist therapy include empowerment, going for change rather than adjusting to what the problem is, social change, valuing diversity, and knowing and keeping independence and interdependence separated (Corey, 2012). It is very important in feminist therapy to help both male and female clients recognize their personal power. Feminist therapist work especially with female clients to help them get away from the stereotype that they have been use to their entire life.
• Techniques- feminist therapist do not follow the DSM manual. The feminist therapist do think that race, culture, and gender influences symptoms a client may have (Corey, 2012). Making sure different approaches are used based on what gender you are giving counseling to. Often times depression is diagnosed in females more than males but feminist therapist believe this is because women have more reasons to be depressed then males. Feminist therapist do not use a specific set of techniques but use client specific techniques depending on each client's needs. 

References

Corey, G. (2012). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy (9th edition). Belmont, CA

            Brooks/Cole.

Reality Therapy

       

                                    William Glasser 1925-           Robert E. Wubbolding 1936-

Reality Therapy

• Founders- William Glasser and Robert Wubbolding (Corey, 2012). 
• Key concepts- view of human nature, choice theory explanation of behavior, and characteristics of reality therapy (Corey, 2012). 

1. View of human nature- this concept says that we are not born with a blank slate waiting to be motivated by the world around us but that we are born with five basic needs of survival, love, belonging, power, and freedom (Corey, 2012). Our brain is the control center in which is continually monitoring our feelings and what we are doing to satisfy our five basic needs (Corey, 2012). This therapy reminds us that other people are very important in the quality of our life and that is who we will most likely connect with. 
2. Choice theory explanation of behavior- this theory says that from birth to death all we ever do in life is behave and everything we do is chosen (Corey, 2012). People usually tries to do whatever it takes to be on their best behavior at least until they get what they want. According to Glasser he believe that complaining is sometimes related to wanting to take lack of responsibility for something. 
3. Characteristics of reality therapy- reality therapy deals with what is not very satisfying in a relationship a client has or the lack of a relationship in which this is often where the problem is for the client. Five underlying characteristics of reality therapy include emphasize choice and responsibility, reject transference, keep the therapy in the present, avoid focusing on symptoms, and challenge traditional views of mental illness. 1. emphasize choice and responsibility- this concept is just that we are free to choose what we do but yet we must take responsibility for whatever the consequences may be. 2. reject transference- it is important that a therapist be themselves and by doing so this helps clients with other people in their lives. 3. keep the therapy in the present- it is important to keep a client focused on the the present and not so much of whatever has happened in the past. 4. avoid focusing on symptoms- in reality therapy focusing on past and symptoms are very much alike because the client then does not focus on present and the here and now which is what reality therapy is for. 5. challenge traditional views of mental illness- in reality therapy it is more common to reject the theory that someone has a mental illness because they are receiving therapy. 

• Therapeutic goals- reality therapy main goal is to help clients to get connected or to reconnect to those that in whom they place value. It's about having clients reconnect with the present and not so much worried about the past. This is usually a therapy that client will choose to come to own their own. 
• Techniques- the best techniques are the cycle of counseling in which has two parts: creating a counseling environment and implementing specific changes that can help with better behavior (Corey, 2012). Counseling environment- a supportive environment helps clients begin to make positive life changes.  Procedures that lead to change- clients are usually most likely to change when the way they are doing things are not satisfying their needs and wants. Another important technique that was formed by Wubbolding is the WDEP system. This system helps clients explore their wants, possible things they can do, opportunities for self-evaluation, and design plans for improvement (Corey, 2012). 

Reference

Corey, G. (2012). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy (9th edition). Belmont, CA

            Brooks/Cole.

 

Cognitive Behavior Therapy

                      
Albert Ellis 1913-2007       Aaron T. Beck 1921-            Judith S. Beck 1954- Donald Meichenbaum 1940-


Cognitive Behavior Therapy

• Founders- Albert Ellis, Aaron T. Beck, Judith S. Beck, and Donald Meichenbaum (Corey, 2012).
• Key concepts- view of human nature, view of emotional disturbance, and A-B-C framework (Corey, 2012).

1. View of human nature- behavior therapy is based the idea that humans are born with both straight and crooked thinking (Corey, 2012). People can be loving, caring, and self-preservation but yet also can be self-destructive, repetitive mistakes, and not caring. 
2. View of emotional disturbance- REBT is the idea that is based that we learn our bad or crooked beliefs from other people in our life during our childhood and continue to re-create these beliefs throughout the rest of our life (Corey, 2012). Humans are constantly reinforcing our self-defeating behavior in which are constantly making same choices and decisions over and over so therefore is shows consistency with our beliefs. Ellis believes that even though everybody wants and desires to be loved that people truly do not need this. There are three basic irrational beliefs that leads to self-defeat 1. I must always have the approval of others or otherwise I am not any good for anything, 2. others must treat me the way I think they should treat me and if they don't then they are not any good and needs punishment, and 3. I must have everything I want when I want it or life is not any good and I can't stand it (Corey, 2012). 
3. A-B-C framework- a=activating event, b=belief, and c=emotional and behavioral consequence (Corey, 2012). The reaction can be healthy or unhealthy for the client (Corey, 2012). A clients belief about A can have a great impact on C. It may not be the actual event that happens to the client that causes the emotional response but may be the clients beliefs about the event that causes all the problem.

• Therapeutic goals- According to Ellis we not only rate ourselves as being good or bad but we rate it as our total self based on our performances (Corey, 2012). These ratings can greatly influence our emotional state that a client is in. It is very important to teach a client in cognitive therapy to separate how they evaluate themselves verses how they except themselves even if they are not perfect. 
• Techniques- rational emotive behavior therapist like to be very integrative in which they start with the disturbing feelings of a client and then start by exploring these feelings with the client (Corey, 2012). Cognitive methods are usually presented to a client in a persuasive manner. A therapist usually teaching them how to deal with reality. A few different cognitive methods include disputing irrational beliefs, doing cognitive homework, bibliotherapy, changing one's language, and psychoeducational methods (Corey, 2012). Disrupting irrational beliefs- it is very important for a therapist to show a client how to do self challenging themselves with irrational beliefs. Doing cognitive homework- it is important for a therapist to have a client make a list of their problems and also list their beliefs and dispute those beliefs. Bibliotherapy- this is usually used as a adjunctive  type of treatment usually because of cost issue. Changing one's language- clients need to learn to replace some of the negative words such as ought with more positive words. Psychoeducational- this is the idea of introducing clients to more educational resources to help them with their problems. A few different emotive techniques include rational emotive imagery, using humor, role playing, and shame-attacking exercises (Corey, 2012). Rational emotive imagery- this is a way to help a client form new emotional patterns by asking the client to imagine the worst thing that had happen to them. Using humor- humor sometimes helps a client put things in life in more perspective and helps bring about change. Role playing- this is when a therapist interrupts to show the client what the client is really telling themselves to create a different way of thinking so the client is thinking unhealthy. Shame-attack exercise-  it is important to help clients develop techniques to reduce their feelings of shame and guilt about their life. Last type of technique usually used is behavioral technique- these that are used in real life situations are the most important. This is usually done by giving clients homework. 

References 

Corey, G. (2012). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy (9th edition). Belmont, CA

            Brooks/Cole.

Behavior Therapy

                     
     B.F. Skinner 1904-1990                     Albert Bandura 1925-                      Arnold Lazarus 1932-


Behavior Therapy 

• Founders- B.F. Skinner, Albert Bandura, and Arnold Lazarus (Corey, 2012).
• Key concepts- view of human nature, basic characteristics and assumptions (Corey, 2012).

1. View of human nature- this concept is that clients are not products of their sociocultural but rather products and producers of their own environment (Corey, 2012). Behavior therapy is about giving control and freedom to clients. It encourages clients to increase their people skills so that they have better social skills in responses to different things and are not restricted or limited to choices. Behavior therapy increases freedom in clients by allowing them to explore other options. 
2. Basic characteristics and assumptions- there are seven main characteristics in behavior therapy: 1. behavior therapy is based on principles of the scientific method (Corey, 2012). The goal is to help clients change their maladaptive behaviors. 2. behavior is not just about the things we can observe on a client but can also include beliefs, emotions, images, and cognition (Corey, 2012). 3. behavior therapy is more concerned with current problems instead of past problems. What behaviors can be changed the fix the problems now not what behavior that could change the past. 4. clients are expected to be active and make changes that are needed in behavior therapy. 5. in behavior therapy it is a understanding that changes need to happen without understanding of where the problem begins. 6. assessment in behavior therapy clients is a ongoing process of observing the client by identifying the problem and evaluating the change (Corey, 2012). 7. behavioral therapy is specific to each person depending on the problem of a specific client.

• Therapeutic goals- the main goal in behavior therapy is to increase freedom and personal choice and to create new learning conditions for the client (Corey, 2012). It is very important that the client and the therapist together comes up with specific goals and ways to help the client be more independent and achieve those goals. 
• Techniques- using specific procedures and them prove to be effective is important in behavior therapy. A behavioral therapist should include anything that can be shown to positively and effectively show changes in a clients behavior. In behavior therapy it is more specific techniques for each client rather than just random samples for each and all techniques. Behavior therapy is a more specific to clients than any other therapy cause it's very unusual that any two clients are behaving in the exact same because of the exact same reasons so therefore the therapist has to deal with the individual needs of the individual client. 

Reference 

Corey, G. (2012). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy (9th edition). Belmont, CA

            Brooks/Cole.

Gestalt Therapy

 

                                             Fritz Perls 1893-1970         Laura Perls 1905-1990

Gestalt Therapy

• Founders- Fritz Perls and Laura Perls (Corey, 2012).
• Key concepts- view of human nature, some principles of Gestalt therapy theory, the now, unfinished business, contact and resistances to contact, and energy and blocks to energy (Corey, 2012).

1. View of human nature- according to Perls he strongly believed that clients needed to be independent and deal with their own life problems themselves (p. 213). His therapy deals with two personal agendas: 1. taking a client from the environmental support to self-support and bring back in the parts of a clients personality that had been forgotten about (p. 213). Perls believed that clients should be able to regulate themselves when they know what is happening in the environment around them.
2. Some principles of Gestalt therapy theory- basic principles include: holism, field theory, figure-formation process, and organismic self-regulation (p. 214). First being holism in which is the idea of unified or being complete. With Gestalt therapy concept being the idea of the whole person the therapist does not usually like to deal with aspect of the individual. Second principle is field theory which is the idea that it is important to see a client in their environment because it is usually in constant change. Third principle is the figure-formation process which how a client may deal with experiences from time to time. Fourth principle organismic self-regulation is a process that deals with a clients equilibrium in which it is disturbed by a need, sensation, or an interest of the client (Corey, 2012).
3. The now- the present moment is an important factor in Gestalt therapy. The past and future is sometimes a clients way of not dealing with the present. The reason that sometimes the past can come up in the present is because often times the clients feel that the past is incomplete. 
4. Unfinished business- this concept deals with having unexpressed feeling usually of the past. This can  sometimes leave unnecessary emotional feelings that may interfere with a clients present feelings. 
5. Contact and Resistances to contact- it is important for change and growth to happen to have contact. Effective contact is when a client is able to interact with nature and other people without losing sense of themselves (p. 217). Resistance which is often a way a client may deal with certain issues or problems but can often times prevent us from experiencing the present the way they should.
6. Energy and blocks to energy- where energy is located in a client is very important especially how it may be used and how it can be blocked. Energy can be expressed through a clients posture, body appearing tight, not deep breathing, and looking away and avoiding contact (p. 218). Sometimes a client is not always aware of their or where it is located.

• Therapeutic goals- in gestalt therapy most often it is not goal oriented. Some major goals in gestalt therapy includes moving forward and increase awareness, taking ownership in their experience instead of making it someone else fault, adapting skills and values that will allow them to satisfy their own needs without violating the rights of someone else, become more aware of all their senses, accept responsibility and consequences for their actions, and be comfortable with asking and receiving help from others (p. 220). Being a independent client is a big goal in gestalt and being able to control ones own self and their own behaviors.
• Techniques- gestalt therapy are considered experiments in which as a therapist you suggest ideas to a client and say see if this works and if so how (p. 224). It is very important with a new client to explain the difference in exercises (techniques) and experiments. Exercise is a ready-made techniques that you may want to use if you are wanting to get to a certain point in a sessions or make a client go somewhere in the session that they may not on their own. Experiments are more of an over time process in which a therapist will suggest something and the client will try and they together will determine if it works or not. 

Reference

Corey, G. (2012). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy (9th edition). Belmont, CA

            Brooks/Cole.

Person-Centered Therapy

                                                               Carl Rogers 1902-1987

Person-Centered Therapy

• Founder- Carl Rogers (Corey, 2012).
• Key concepts- view of human nature (Corey, 2012).

1. View of human nature- according to Roger's, in all his works a basic sense in a client's ability to go forward in a constructive if conditions fostering growth are present (Corey, 2012). Getting to the core of a client is important especially to find a trust and positive center. Rogers believes that people are capable of being trusted, resourceful, have a good understanding and direction of themselves and able to change and live very productive lives (Corey, 2012). To have a realness and to show a client that you really care and that you do not have a judgmental attitude toward their beliefs attitudes or problems. 

• Therapeutic goals- in the person-centered approach it is important to help the client achieve a better independence and a integration (Corey, 2012). The question that often comes up in this type of therapy is how can I have a better understanding of myself. There are four goals that are often encouraged in person-centered therapy are openness to experience, trust in themselves, internal source of evaluation, and willingness to continue to grow (Corey, 2012).
• Techniques- early emphasis on reflection of feelings, evolution of person-centered methods, the role of assessment, application of the philosophy of the person-centered approach, application to crisis intervention, and application to group counseling (Corey, 2012).

1. Early emphasis on reflection of feelings- Roger's first emphasis was on understanding the world of a client and reflecting on this understanding (Corey, 2012).
2. Evolution of person-centered methods- the therapeutic relationship is thought to be more important than giving techniques in which is thought to be important in the growth of the client. It is not uncommon to suggest techniques but how the technique is suggested is very important. 
3. The role of Assessment- assessment is the first thing to do in a treatment process.
4. Application of the philosophy of the person-centered approach- this approach has been thought to help for individuals, groups, or families.
5. Application to crisis intervention-  this concept is very important when dealing with a client that has unwanted pregnancy, illness, critical event, or death of loved one (Corey, 2012).
6. Application to group counseling- in the person-centered approach it is very important that the counselor be more of facilitator than leader of the group, the client's need to lead and counselor needs to listen.

Reference

Corey, G. (2012). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy (9th edition). Belmont, CA:

            Brooks/Cole.

Existential Therapy

      

   Viktor Frankl 1905-1997                  Rollo May 1909-1994         Irvin Yalom 1931-

Existential Therapy

• Founders- Viktor Frankl, Rollo May, and Irvin Yalom (Corey, 2012).
• Key concepts- view of human nature, Proposition 1: the capacity for self-awareness, Proposition 2: freedom and responsibility, Proposition 3: striving for identity and relationship to others, Proposition 4: the search for meaning, Proposition 5: anxiety as a condition of living, and Proposition 6: awareness of death and nonbeing (Corey, 2012).

1. View of human nature- this concept deals with the idea that the significance of our existence is is never really fixed but instead we are always recreating ourselves through projects (Corey, 2012). We are in constant change in our life nothing never the same because we are always making new discoveries about ourselves and our life. We are always trying to make sense of our existence (Corey, 2012). People are always questioning everything about life and everything in it. 
2. Proposition 1: The Capacity for Self-Awareness- freedom, choice, and responsibility creates the foundation  of self-awareness (Corey, 2012). This concept tells us that we can either limit or expand our conscious depending on our awareness. By expanding our self-awareness allows to grow in our life and in the things we do in life. 
3. Proposition 2: Freedom and Responsibility- this concept deals wit a person to having freedom to choose whatever they want for shaping their own destiny (Corey, 2012). This meaning we are responsible for our actions and everything else we choose to do with our life. According to Frankl, freedom and responsibility are often linked together (Corey, 2012). It is very important to consider culture backgrounds when counseling someone and assisting them with their choices. 
4. Proposition 3: Striving for Identity and Relationship to Others- this concepts deals with people being concerned about themselves but also likes to relate to other human beings. Everyone wants to create their own personal identity (Corey, 2012). We often look for answer, try to choose our values and beliefs from other people not truly from within ourselves. According to Corey, we are constantly looking at what others are expecting from us rather than just trusting our own instinct (Corey, 2012).
5. Proposition 4: The Search for Meaning- according to Corey, it is a constant struggle to find a purpose in life (p. 151). I existential therapy this is often the goal to find the meaning or challenge the meaning of their life. The questions often ask when trying to find the meaning of life are why am I here, what do i want from life, what gives my life purpose, and where is the source of meaning in my life (Corey, 2012).
6. Proposition 5: Anxiety as a Condition of Living- this concept says anxiety is something that becomes greater as we realize our freedoms and consequences of accepting or rejecting that freedom (Corey, 2012). Anxiety comes from a person's strive to survive and this often makes a person feel anxiety. Anxiety can often be a sign one is desiring personal change in which can help with personal growth. 
7. Proposition 6: Awareness of Death and Nonbeing- according to Corey, a existentialist does not think of death as a negative thing but gives significance to living (p. 153). A important human characteristic is the ability to understand the reality of death and dying. Death should not be considered a bad thing but something to motivate one to appreciate the present time and not worry about the future. 

• Therapeutic goals- in existential therapy a main goal  is for a client to have better understanding ways in which they may not be living a fully authentic life and help them make better choices that will help lead them to being all that can potentially be (Corey, 2012). Having a better awareness and understanding of responsibility and reality of things in life is very important also when giving existential therapy. 
• Techniques- not like most other therapies the existential therapy is not really based on a technique (Corey, 2012). It may be helpful with some clients to include some techniques from other different approaches to help depending on specific client's needs. It is thought to be better to make sure a client has a true understanding of reality in existential therapy as opposed to making a diagnosis or prognosis (Corey, 2012). There are four different areas to approach in existential therapy: phases of existential counseling, clients appropriate for existential counseling, application to brief therapy, and application to group counseling (Corey, 2012)

1. Phases of Existential counseling- during first visits it is important to understand and help client understand of their assumption of how the client views the world.
2. Clients Appropriate for Existential Counseling- some of the common clients that are thought to need existential therapy are those that have had substance abuse, ethnic and racial minorities, gay and lesbians, and psychiatric inpatients (Corey, 2012). 
3. Application to Brief Therapy- this approach can can focus on significant area of a client such as assuming personal responsibility, making a commitment to deciding and acting, and expanding their awareness of their current situation (Corey, 2012).
4. Application to Group Counseling- this is the idea of a whole group of clients making a commitment to a lifelong journey of self-exploration with these goals in mind: 1. helping members to be honest with themselves, 2. having a better perspective on themselves and the world, and 3. and help them give a better meaning to their present and future of their life.

Reference

Corey, G. (2012). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy (9th edition). Belmont, CA

            Brooks/Cole.

Adlerian Therapy

Alfred Adler 1870-1937

Adlerian Therapy

• Founder- Alfred Adler (Corey, 2012).
• Key concepts- view of human nature, subjective perception of reality, unity and patterns of human personality, social interest and community feelings, and birth order and sibling relationships (Corey, 2012).

1. View of human nature- Adler believed that a person truly begins to form the reality of life in the first 6 years of life rather than from birth. According to Kottman, Adlerians believe a person's lifestyle is not formed until age of 8, so therefore play therapy is best way to bring growth and change in a child (Kottman, 2001). Also believing that a person's past can greatly influence a person's present behavior. He also felt it was very important to educate society (Corey, 2012). 
2. Subjective perception of reality- this concept was that Adler tried to view the world and reality as a client would do so. 
3. Unity and patterns of human personality- in this concept Adler tried to understand a person from all perspectives of their life and how all these components come together by the way they are going to a specific goal in life.
4. Social interest and community feeling- According to Corey, social interest is being as concerned about other's around you as you are about one's self (p. 106). Community feeling is the thought of being connected to the community and being part in making the world a better place (p. 107).
5. Birth order and sibling relationships- this concept deals greatly with the order in which a person was born and their relationship with the siblings. The oldest child in a family is usually the center of attention for a family and receives all the attention. The second child always seems to feel that they have to share everything with the first child. The middle child feels that they are always left out and that they are treated unfair and are usually the problem child of the family. The youngest child is always considered the baby of the family at any age and seems to be the most spoiled. The only child usually does not play or participate well with other children but most often has a high achievement drive. The birth order can play an important role in how a person will grow up and relate to the world.

• Therapeutic goal- the main goal of Adlerian therapy is for a person to grow in their personal life and in their personality. It also helps a person find their true belonging and to adapt to new behaviors. This is often done by helping a person become more aware of themselves. 

References 

Corey, G. (2012). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy (9th edition). Belmont, CA:

            Brooks/Cole.

Kottman, T. (2001). Adlerian play therapy. International Journal of Play Therapy, 10(2), 1-12. 

                doi:10.1037/h0089476

Psychoanalytic Therapy

Sigmund Freud

Psychoanalytic Therapy

• Founder- Sigmund Freud (Corey, 2012).
• Key concepts- view of human nature, structure of personality, consciousness and unconscious, anxiety, ego-defense mechanisms, and development of personality (Corey, 2012).

1. View of human nature- this concept according to Freud says that a person's behavior is based completely on our unconsciousness and our basic instincts that develop in our first stages of life with relation to our psycho-sexual stage. Libido was one of the first terms Freud used to describe the sexual drive/energy of a person but then broadened his term to life instincts (Corey, 2012). 
2. Structure of personality- this concept refers to the id, ego, and superego according to Freud. Id being the first personality, ego comes later and is thought to regulate the personality, and superego is the right or wrong of a person's moral behavior (Corey, 2012).
3. Consciousness and the unconscious- this concept is very important when trying to understand a person's behavior and or the problem's of a personality. The unconscious cannot truly be studied but can be related dreams or memories that are thought to be symbolic.
4. Anxiety- this is very important with psychoanalytic therapy and usually can be identified as a feeling of dread or really anxious. The three types of anxiety are reality, neurotic, and moral (Corey,2012). Reality is the dread or thoughts of danger from the world around us. Neurotic is a dread that our internal instincts will overtake us and cause us to make a mistake that we will get punished for. Moral is the fear of doing something against one's own moral standards. 
5. Ego-defense mechanisms- this helps a person to deal with anxiety and not let it overwhelm them. This defense has two thing in common: 1. deny reality, 2. operate on unconscious level (Corey,2012).
6. Development of personality- Three stages that are common in bringing a person to counseling when not resolved are oral, anal, phallic stages (Corey, 2012). Oral stage which is the fear of falling in love with someone or having a close relationship and the person usually has low self-esteem. Anal stage is when a person has no concept of anger. Phallic stage is the inability of a person to accept their sexuality and or sexual feelings, and having unsure feelings about themselves being a man or women.

• Therapeutic goals- the main goal of psychoanalytic therapy is to become more adaptive and which will decrease conflict within a person. Also in relation to the Freud theory this therapy should make the unconscious conscious and add strength to the ego and make a person's behavior be more in relation to reality than instinct (Corey,2012). With this therapy it is hoped to achieve a better understanding not only intellectually but within a person. 
• Psychoanalytic therapy is considered a long-term therapy. 

References

Corey, G. (2012). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy (9th edition). Belmont, CA: 

            Brooks/Cole.